Introduction
To group tracks with similar properties, one can in principle perform any clustering method of interest on a feature matrix of quantification metrics for each track in the dataset. The package comes with three convenience functions – getFeatureMatrix(),trackFeatureMap(), and clusterTracks() – to easily compute several metrics on all tracks at once, visualize them in 2 dimensions, and to cluster tracks accordingly. This tutorial shows how to use these functions to explore heterogeneity in a track dataset.
Datasets
First load the package:
The package contains a dataset of B and T cells in a mouse cervical lymph node, and neutrophils responding to an S. aureus infection in a mouse ear; all are imaged using two-photon microscopy. While the original data contained 3D coordinates, we’ll use the 2D projection on the XY plane (see the vignettes on quality control methods and preprocessing of the package datasets for details).
The T-cell dataset consists of 199 tracks of individual cells in a tracks object:
str( TCells, list.len = 2 )
#> List of 199
#> $ 1 : num [1:39, 1:3] 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 ...
#> ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
#> .. ..$ : NULL
#> .. ..$ : chr [1:3] "t" "x" "y"
#> $ 3 : num [1:19, 1:3] 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 ...
#> ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
#> .. ..$ : NULL
#> .. ..$ : chr [1:3] "t" "x" "y"
#> [list output truncated]
#> - attr(*, "class")= chr "tracks"
Each element in this list is a track from a single cell, consisting of a matrix with \((x,y)\) coordinates and the corresponding measurement timepoints:
head( TCells[[1]] )
#> t x y
#> [1,] 48 90.8534 65.3943
#> [2,] 72 89.5923 64.9042
#> [3,] 96 88.6958 67.1125
#> [4,] 120 87.3437 68.2392
#> [5,] 144 86.2740 67.9236
#> [6,] 168 84.0549 68.2502
Similarly, we will also use the BCells and Neutrophils data:
str( BCells, list.len = 2 )
#> List of 74
#> $ 130 : num [1:24, 1:3] 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 ...
#> ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
#> .. ..$ : NULL
#> .. ..$ : chr [1:3] "t" "x" "y"
#> $ 210 : num [1:39, 1:3] 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 ...
#> ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
#> .. ..$ : NULL
#> .. ..$ : chr [1:3] "t" "x" "y"
#> [list output truncated]
#> - attr(*, "class")= chr "tracks"
str( Neutrophils, list.len = 2 )
#> List of 411
#> $ 21 : num [1:7, 1:3] 48 72 96 120 144 ...
#> ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
#> .. ..$ : NULL
#> .. ..$ : chr [1:3] "t" "x" "y"
#> $ 22 : num [1:8, 1:3] 48 72 96 120 144 ...
#> ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
#> .. ..$ : NULL
#> .. ..$ : chr [1:3] "t" "x" "y"
#> [list output truncated]
#> - attr(*, "class")= chr "tracks"
Since there are quite many cells, we’ll sample just some of the tracks for the legibility of the plots in this tutorial – but everything we will do could also be done on the complete datasets.
# Take a sample
set.seed(1234)
TCells <- TCells[ sample( names(TCells), 30 ) ]
BCells <- BCells[ sample( names(BCells), 30 ) ]
Neutrophils <- Neutrophils[ sample( names(Neutrophils), 30 ) ]
Combine them in a single dataset, where labels also indicate celltype:
T2 <- TCells
names(T2) <- paste0( "T", names(T2) )
tlab <- rep( "T", length(T2) )
B2 <- BCells
names(B2) <- paste0( "B", names(B2) )
blab <- rep( "B", length(B2) )
N2 <- Neutrophils
names(N2) <- paste0( "N", names(Neutrophils) )
nlab <- rep( "N", length( N2) )
all.tracks <- c( T2, B2, N2 )
real.celltype <- c( tlab, blab, nlab )
2 Dimensionality reduction methods: PCA, MDS, and UMAP
When using more than two metrics at once to quantify track properties, it becomes hard to visualize which tracks are similar to each other. Like with single-cell data, dimensionality reduction methods can help visualize high-dimensional track feature datasets. The function trackFeatureMap() is a wrapper method that helps to quickly visualize data using three popular methods: principal component analysis (PCA), multidimensional scaling (MDS), and uniform manifold approximate and projection (UMAP). The function trackFeatureMap() can be used for a quick visualization of data, or return the coordinates in the new axis system if the argument return.mapping=TRUE.
1.1 PCA
Use trackFeatureMap() to perform a principal component analysis (PCA) based on the measures “speed”, “meanTurningAngle”, “squareDisplacement”, “maxDisplacement”, and “outreachRatio” using the optional labels argument to color points by their real celltype and return.mapping=TRUE to also return the data rather than just the plot:
pca <- trackFeatureMap( all.tracks,
c(speed,meanTurningAngle,squareDisplacement,
maxDisplacement,outreachRatio ), method = "PCA",
labels = real.celltype, return.mapping = TRUE )
Note that the B cells and Neutrophils are relatively well-separated from each other in this plot, but the T cells are hard to distinguish from neutrophils based on these features.
We can then inspect the data stored in pca. This reveals, for example, that the first principal component is correlated with speed:
pc1 <- pca[,1]
pc2 <- pca[,2]
track.speed <- sapply( all.tracks, speed )
cor.test( pc1, track.speed )
#>
#> Pearson's product-moment correlation
#>
#> data: pc1 and track.speed
#> t = 4.5449, df = 88, p-value = 1.743e-05
#> alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> 0.2516387 0.5898408
#> sample estimates:
#> cor
#> 0.4360085
See ?prcomp for details on how principal components are computed, and for further arguments that can be passed on to trackFeatureMap().
1.2 MDS
Another popular method for visualization is multidimensional scaling (MDS), which is also supported by trackFeatureMap():
trackFeatureMap( all.tracks,
c(speed,meanTurningAngle,squareDisplacement,maxDisplacement,
outreachRatio ), method = "MDS",
labels = real.celltype )
Internally, trackFeatureMap() computes a distance matrix using dist() and then applies MDS using cmdscale(). See the documentation of cmdscale for details and further arguments that can be passed on via trackFeatureMap().
Again, we find that the B cells and Neutrophils are separated in this plot, while T cells mix with neutrophils.
1.3 UMAP
Uniform manifold approximate and projection (UMAP) is another powerful method to explore structure in high-dimensional datasets. trackFeatureMap() supports visualization of tracks in a UMAP. Note that this option requires the uwot package. Please install this package first using install.packages("uwot").
trackFeatureMap( all.tracks,
c(speed,meanTurningAngle,squareDisplacement,
maxDisplacement,outreachRatio ), method = "UMAP",
labels = real.celltype )
Also this plot confirms that B cells and neutrophils can be separated easily, but that T cells are somewhere in between.
3 Clustering: hierarchical clustering and k-means
To go beyond visualizing similar and dissimilar tracks using multiple track features, clusterTracks() supports the explicit grouping of tracks into clusters using two common methods: hierarchical and k-means clustering.
3.1 Hierarchical clustering
Hierarchical clustering is performed by calling hclust() on a distance matrix computed via dist() on the feature matrix:
clusterTracks( all.tracks,
c(speed,meanTurningAngle,squareDisplacement,maxDisplacement,
outreachRatio ), method = "hclust", labels = real.celltype )
See methods dist() and hclust() for details.
3.2 K-means clustering
Secondly, clusterTracks() also supports k-means clustering of tracks. Note that this requires an extra argument centers that is passed on to the kmeans() function and specifies the number of clusters to make. In this case, let’s use three clusters because we have three celltypes:
clusterTracks( all.tracks,
c(speed,meanTurningAngle,squareDisplacement,maxDisplacement,
outreachRatio ), method = "kmeans",
labels = real.celltype, centers = 3 )
In these plots, we see the value of each feature in the feature matrix plotted for the different clusters, whereas the color indicates the “real” celltype the track came from.
